1. Open die forging: The workpiece is not restricted by dies during the forging process, offering high flexibility, suitable for small batches or large complex components, but with lower precision.

2. Closed die forging: The workpiece is formed within closed dies, providing high precision and efficiency, suitable for mass production of standardized parts.

Forgings have significant advantages over castings: 1. Their microstructure is more compact, eliminating casting defects such as porosity and loose areas, thus forming a complete and uniform material base;

2. They exhibit outstanding fatigue and impact resistance in terms of mechanical properties, capable of withstanding complex stress environments;

3. Through the grain flow line optimization of the forging process, material anisotropy control can be achieved, further enhancing strength, toughness, and other mechanical performance indicators;

4. These characteristics collectively contribute to forgings having a longer service life and higher operational reliability in critical load-bearing component applications.

Hot forging: Metal is forged above the recrystallization temperature, with less resistance to deformation, suitable for complex shapes and large-sized parts.

Cold forging: Forging at room temperature, the material has higher strength, and the surface is smooth, but it requires greater pressure, suitable for small precision parts. The choice depends on the material properties and product requirements.

1. Fold/crack: Optimize forging process parameters and control cooling rate.
2. Inclusions: Choose high-purity raw materials to avoid contamination.
3. Dimensional deviation: Strengthen mold accuracy and process monitoring.